<p>Join Land &#038; Carbon Lab&#8217;s upcoming webinar on February 11, 2025 to discover how DIST-ALERT’s integration into Global Forest Watch can enhance your work and help shape the future of land monitoring. <a href="https://gfw.global/4hBlNJF">Learn more</a>.</p>


WEBINAR: Monitoring Possibilities with DIST-ALERT

Users In Action

Hear stories from the forest defenders working in the field.

Users In Action | Global Forest Watch Blog

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Indonesia

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Isabela Barriga

Inge Snip

<p><em>A decade ago, the launch of Global Forest Watch (GFW) ushered in a new era of accountability and transparency around monitoring and protecting the world’s forests. To celebrate 10 years of impact, our <strong>Voices of Global Forest Watch series</strong> will highlight successes of GFW users, partners and community members throughout the year. We invite you to read, watch and share the stories of exceptional leaders in forest monitoring who have played a pivotal role in protecting forests everywhere.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</em>&nbsp;</p>



<iframe loading="lazy" width="560" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6pfTvH6_520?si=NSmHYOeS_YIpeBBy" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>



<p></p>



<p><strong>“Forests have protected the climate of our planet, including protecting against flood threats and soil erosion. They provide a source of water for essential needs, a variety of types of food, and oxygen. At their core, [forests] have provided everything for all of us.”</strong> – Muhammad Ichwan, National Executive Director of Indonesia’s Forestry Independent Monitoring Network (JPIK)&nbsp;</p>



<p>Indonesia is home to the world’s third-largest forested area. Founded in 2010, JPIK is a leading voice in the country’s battle against forest loss and illegal logging, as well as addressing the causes of deforestation, using GFW tools. Their work spans years of mobilizing communities, leveraging technology and advocating for sustainable forest management.&nbsp;</p>



<p>JPIK is a network of civil society organizations across Indonesia, form Papua to Aceh, that originally came together to monitor the application of Indonesia’s Timber legality Assurance System (SVLK).&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="624" height="468" src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/JPIK-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-18195"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Meranti logs resulting from illegal logging in Central Kalimantan Province. Credit: JPIK</figcaption></figure>



<p>JPIK has grown into a national network, comprising 26 regional offices, over 614 individual members and 68 institutional members. As Ichwan explains, JPIK’s mandate now goes beyond monitoring logging; it combines community engagement with policy advocacy to create long-lasting solutions to prevent forest loss and degradation.</p>



<p>This expansion required a strategic rethinking of the monitoring framework used by independent monitors to enable them to advocate for legal and policy reforms to better address illegal logging and protect Indonesia’s forests.</p>



<p>The adoption of satellite technology, particularly GFW data, has improved JPIK’s forest monitoring capabilities significantly in recent years.</p>



<p>“The use of satellite technology today is quite helpful in JPIK’s work,” said Ichwan. “We use this technology as our basis for conducting field monitoring, and for evidence of complaints — to law enforcement, to certification agencies, government.”</p>



<p>For example, in a pivotal case in December 2022, JPIK used GFW data to uncover illegal logging activities in Central Kalimantan. The investigation revealed the illegal harvesting of ramin wood, a species <a href="https://wri-indonesia.org/id/wawasan/mengenal-cites-dan-perannya-mengatasi-perdagangan-kayu-ilegal" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES). “Through the GFW app we can track illegal logging sites in protected forests, the flow of wood into rivers, until it enters the company,” said Ichwan. By tracking the wood’s journey, JPIK exposed an operation aiming to disguise the illegally logged timber as legitimate. The findings were submitted to Indonesian authorities, leading to legal actions against the perpetrators.</p>



<p>The involvement of local communities, particularly Indigenous Peoples, is key to JPIK’s success. Indonesia’s forests are critical to the livelihoods of Indigenous and local communities, who often bear the brunt of effects of deforestation and poor forest management, facing increased risks of flooding, landslides and other environmental disasters. “If the forests are damaged or the governance of these forests is damaged, [Indigenous or local communities] will be most affected,” said Ichwan.</p>



<p>JPIK provides training to communities on independent forest monitoring and the use of GFW tools. According to Ichwan, empowering Indigenous Peoples and local communities to independently lead forest monitoring has been one of JPIK’s most effective strategies. “Indigenous or local communities are the primary independent monitoring actors because they are the closest party to forests, the closest to forests as their life support,” he said.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="468" height="312" src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/JPIK-2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-18196"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Training on GFW with WRI Indonesia. Credit: JPIK</figcaption></figure>



<p>In another case in Central Kalimantan, a group of Indigenous people trained by JPIK helped stop illegal logging in protected areas. Their efforts, which included reporting the violations to law enforcement, resulted in significant legal actions: criminal sanctions, withdrawal of SVLK certifications and fines for the perpetrators and others.</p>



<p>Looking to the future, JPIK recognizes the importance of involving Indonesia’s youth in forest monitoring. They plan to recruit and train hundreds of young people — aged 17 to 29 — on the principles of sustainable forestry, using GFW and forest advocacy. The goal is to equip this new generation with the skills needed to document, report and campaign against illegal logging and deforestation, while also using social media platforms like TikTok and YouTube to raise awareness.</p>



<p>This next generation of independent forest monitors will continue JPIK’s legacy of community-driven, technology-enhanced forest protection. According to Ichwan, continuing to use GFW in this work is key: “GFW, for us, is very important to support our work on forest monitoring, to counter the threat of deforestation and illegal logging in Indonesia.”</p>



<hr> 

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Video filmed at the Land & Carbon Lab Summit in June 2023.

 

</div>



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Voices of Global Forest Watch: Muhammad Ichwan, Indonesia’s Forestry Independent Monitoring Network

<p><em>A decade ago, the launch of Global Forest Watch (GFW) ushered in a new era of accountability and transparency around monitoring and protecting the world’s forests. To celebrate 10 years of impact, our <strong>Voices of Global Forest Watch series</strong> will highlight successes of GFW users, partners and community members throughout the year. We invite you to read, watch and share the stories of exceptional leaders in forest monitoring who have played a pivotal role in protecting forests everywhere.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</em>&nbsp;</p>



<iframe width="560" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6pfTvH6_520?si=NSmHYOeS_YIpeBBy" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>



<p></p>



<p><strong>“Forests have protected the climate of our planet, including protecting against flood threats and soil erosion. They provide a source of water for essential needs, a variety of types of food, and oxygen. At their core, [forests] have provided everything for all of us.”</strong> – Muhammad Ichwan, National Executive Director of Indonesia's Forestry Independent Monitoring Network (JPIK)&nbsp;</p>



<p>Indonesia is home to the world’s third-largest forested area. Founded in 2010, JPIK is a leading voice in the country's battle against forest loss and illegal logging, as well as addressing the causes of deforestation, using GFW tools. Their work spans years of mobilizing communities, leveraging technology and advocating for sustainable forest management.&nbsp;</p>



<p>JPIK is a network of civil society organizations across Indonesia, form Papua to Aceh, that originally came together to monitor the application of Indonesia's Timber legality Assurance System (SVLK).&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/JPIK-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-18195"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Meranti logs resulting from illegal logging in Central Kalimantan Province. Credit: JPIK</figcaption></figure>



<p>JPIK has grown into a national network, comprising 26 regional offices, over 614 individual members and 68 institutional members. As Ichwan explains, JPIK's mandate now goes beyond monitoring logging; it combines community engagement with policy advocacy to create long-lasting solutions to prevent forest loss and degradation.</p>



<p>This expansion required a strategic rethinking of the monitoring framework used by independent monitors to enable them to advocate for legal and policy reforms to better address illegal logging and protect Indonesia's forests.</p>



<p>The adoption of satellite technology, particularly GFW data, has improved JPIK's forest monitoring capabilities significantly in recent years.</p>



<p>"The use of satellite technology today is quite helpful in JPIK’s work," said Ichwan. “We use this technology as our basis for conducting field monitoring, and for evidence of complaints — to law enforcement, to certification agencies, government.”</p>



<p>For example, in a pivotal case in December 2022, JPIK used GFW data to uncover illegal logging activities in Central Kalimantan. The investigation revealed the illegal harvesting of ramin wood, a species <a href="https://wri-indonesia.org/id/wawasan/mengenal-cites-dan-perannya-mengatasi-perdagangan-kayu-ilegal" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES). “Through the GFW app we can track illegal logging sites in protected forests, the flow of wood into rivers, until it enters the company,” said Ichwan. By tracking the wood’s journey, JPIK exposed an operation aiming to disguise the illegally logged timber as legitimate. The findings were submitted to Indonesian authorities, leading to legal actions against the perpetrators.</p>



<p>The involvement of local communities, particularly Indigenous Peoples, is key to JPIK’s success. Indonesia’s forests are critical to the livelihoods of Indigenous and local communities, who often bear the brunt of effects of deforestation and poor forest management, facing increased risks of flooding, landslides and other environmental disasters. “If the forests are damaged or the governance of these forests is damaged, [Indigenous or local communities] will be most affected,” said Ichwan.</p>



<p>JPIK provides training to communities on independent forest monitoring and the use of GFW tools. According to Ichwan, empowering Indigenous Peoples and local communities to independently lead forest monitoring has been one of JPIK’s most effective strategies. “Indigenous or local communities are the primary independent monitoring actors because they are the closest party to forests, the closest to forests as their life support,” he said.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/JPIK-2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-18196"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Training on GFW with WRI Indonesia. Credit: JPIK</figcaption></figure>



<p>In another case in Central Kalimantan, a group of Indigenous people trained by JPIK helped stop illegal logging in protected areas. Their efforts, which included reporting the violations to law enforcement, resulted in significant legal actions: criminal sanctions, withdrawal of SVLK certifications and fines for the perpetrators and others.</p>



<p>Looking to the future, JPIK recognizes the importance of involving Indonesia's youth in forest monitoring. They plan to recruit and train hundreds of young people — aged 17 to 29 — on the principles of sustainable forestry, using GFW and forest advocacy. The goal is to equip this new generation with the skills needed to document, report and campaign against illegal logging and deforestation, while also using social media platforms like TikTok and YouTube to raise awareness.</p>



<p>This next generation of independent forest monitors will continue JPIK's legacy of community-driven, technology-enhanced forest protection. According to Ichwan, continuing to use GFW in this work is key: “GFW, for us, is very important to support our work on forest monitoring, to counter the threat of deforestation and illegal logging in Indonesia.”</p>



<hr> 

<div class="attribute" style="”padding-bottom:" 10px;”="">
 

Video filmed at the Land & Carbon Lab Summit in June 2023.

 

</div>



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Voices of Global Forest Watch: Muhammad Ichwan, Indonesia's Forestry Independent Monitoring Network

<p><em>Satu dekade yang lalu, peluncuran Global Forest Watch (GFW) mengantarkan era baru akuntabilitas dan transparansi dalam pemantauan dan perlindungan hutan dunia. Untuk merayakan 10 tahun dampaknya, seri Kisah Pemantauan dengan GFW (Voices of Global Forest Watch) akan menyoroti keberhasilan para pengguna, mitra, dan anggota komunitas GFW sepanjang tahun. Kami mengundang Anda untuk membaca, menonton, dan berbagi kisah-kisah para pemimpin luar biasa dalam pemantauan hutan yang memiliki peran penting dalam melindungi hutan di mana pun.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</em>&nbsp;</p>



<iframe width="560" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6pfTvH6_520?si=NSmHYOeS_YIpeBBy" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>



<p></p>



<p><strong>“Hutan telah melindungi iklim planet kita, termasuk melindungi dari ancaman banjir dan erosi tanah. Hutan menyediakan sumber air untuk kebutuhan pokok, berbagai jenis makanan, dan oksigen. Pada intinya, [hutan] telah menyediakan segalanya untuk kita semua.”</strong> - Muhammad Ichwan, Direktur Eksekutif Nasional Jaringan Pemantau Independen Kehutanan (JPIK)</p>



<p>Indonesia adalah rumah bagi kawasan hutan terbesar ketiga di dunia. Didirikan pada tahun 2010, JPIK merupakan organisasi terdepan dalam perjuangan melawan dan mengatasi deforestasi dan pembalakan liar di Indonesia, salah satunya dengan menggunakan perangkat GFW. Upaya mereka ini telah berlangsung selama bertahun-tahun dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat, pemanfaatan teknologi pendukung pemantauan, serta mengadvokasi pengelolaan hutan yang berkelanjutan. JPIK adalah jaringan organisasi masyarakat sipil di seluruh Indonesia, dari Papua hingga Aceh, yang pada awalnya merupakan perkumpulan untuk bersama-sama mengawasi penerapan Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu (SVLK) di Indonesia.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/JPIK-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-18195"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Kayu bulat Meranti hasil pembalakan liar di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Kredit: JPIK</figcaption></figure>



<p>JPIK telah berkembang menjadi jaringan nasional yang terdiri dari 26 kantor regional tersebar di seluruh Indonesia, dengan lebih dari 614 anggota individu dan 68 anggota lembaga. Seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Ichwan, mandat JPIK kini lebih dari sekedar memantau penebangan kayu; JPIK menggabungkan pelibatan masyarakat dengan advokasi kebijakan untuk menciptakan solusi jangka panjang guna mencegah hilangnya hutan dan degradasi lahan.</p>



<p>Perluasan ini membutuhkan peninjauan strategis terhadap kerangka kerja pemantauan yang digunakan oleh para pemantau independen, sehingga memungkinkan mereka untuk mendorong reformasi hukum dan kebijakan yang lebih efektif untuk menangani pembalakan liar dan melindungi hutan di Indonesia dengan lebih baik.</p>



<p>Penggunaan teknologi satelit, khususnya data GFW, telah meningkatkan kemampuan pemantauan hutan JPIK secara signifikan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Penggunaan teknologi satelit saat ini cukup membantu kerja-kerja JPIK,” kata Ichwan. “Kami menggunakan teknologi ini sebagai dasar untuk melakukan pemantauan lapangan, dan sebagai data pendukung pengaduan - kepada penegak hukum, lembaga sertifikasi, dan pemerintah.”</p>



<p>Sebagai contoh, dalam sebuah kasus penting pada bulan Desember 2022, JPIK menggunakan data GFW untuk mengungkap kegiatan penebangan hutan ilegal di Kalimantan Tengah. Investigasi tersebut mengungkap adanya pemanenan kayu ramin – spesies yang tergolong Apendiks II atau sebagai spesies yang dilindungi <a href="https://wri-indonesia.org/id/wawasan/mengenal-cites-dan-perannya-mengatasi-perdagangan-kayu-ilegal" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dalam sistem CITES</a> (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) – secara ilegal. “Melalui aplikasi GFW, kami dapat melacak lokasi pembalakan liar dalam kawasan hutan lindung, distribusi kayu melalui sungai, hingga masuk ke perusahaan,” kata Ichwan. Dengan melacak perjalanan kayu tersebut, JPIK berhasil membongkar sebuah operasi yang bertujuan untuk menyamarkan kayu yang ditebang secara ilegal menjadi kayu legal. Temuan ini kemudian disampaikan kepada pihak berwenang di Indonesia, yang kemudian berujung pada tindakan hukum kepada para pelaku.</p>



<p>Keterlibatan masyarakat lokal, khususnya Masyarakat Adat, merupakan kunci keberhasilan JPIK. Hutan Indonesia sangat penting bagi mata pencaharian Masyarakat Adat dan masyarakat lokal, yang sering kali menanggung beban terbesar dari dampak deforestasi dan pengelolaan hutan yang buruk, menghadapi peningkatan resiko banjir, tanah longsor, dan bencana lingkungan lainnya. “Jika hutan rusak atau tata kelola hutan buruk, [masyarakat adat atau lokal] akan menjadi pihak yang paling terkena dampaknya,” kata Ichwan.</p>



<p>JPIK memberikan pelatihan kepada masyarakat mengenai pemantauan hutan secara mandiri dan penggunaan perangkat GFW. Menurut Ichwan, memberdayakan masyarakat adat dan komunitas lokal untuk memimpin pemantauan hutan secara mandiri merupakan salah satu strategi JPIK yang paling efektif. “Masyarakat adat atau masyarakat lokal adalah pelaku utama pemantauan independen karena mereka adalah pihak yang paling dekat dengan hutan sebagai penopang kehidupan mereka,” katanya.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/JPIK-2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-18196"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Pelatihan tentang GFW dengan WRI Indonesia. Kredit: JPIK</figcaption></figure>



<p>Dalam kasus lain di Kalimantan Tengah, sekelompok masyarakat adat yang dilatih oleh JPIK membantu menghentikan pembalakan liar dalam kawasan lindung. Upaya mereka, termasuk melaporkan pelanggaran kepada penegak hukum, menghasilkan tindakan hukum yang signifikan: sanksi pidana, pencabutan sertifikasi SVLK dan denda bagi para pelaku, dan lain-lain.</p>



<p>Kedepannya, JPIK menyadari pentingnya melibatkan kaum muda Indonesia dalam pemantauan hutan. JPIK berencana untuk merekrut dan melatih ratusan anak muda - berusia 17 hingga 29 tahun - tentang prinsip-prinsip pengelolaan kehutanan berkelanjutan, serta menggunakan GFW dan advokasi hutan. Tujuannya untuk membekali generasi baru ini dengan keterampilan yang dibutuhkan untuk mendokumentasikan, melaporkan, dan mengkampanyekan perlawanan terhadap pembalakan liar dan deforestasi, serta menggunakan platform media sosial seperti TikTok dan YouTube untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat.</p>



<p>Generasi pemantau hutan independen berikutnya akan melanjutkan warisan JPIK dalam hal perlindungan hutan yang berbasis masyarakat dan didukung oleh teknologi. Menurut Ichwan, melanjutkan penggunaan GFW dalam pekerjaan ini adalah kuncinya: “GFW, bagi kami, sangat penting untuk mendukung pekerjaan kami dalam pemantauan hutan, untuk melawan ancaman deforestasi dan pembalakan liar di Indonesia.”</p>



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Video filmed at the Land & Carbon Lab Summit in June 2023.

 

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Kisah Pemantauan dengan Global Forest Watch: Muhammad Ichwan, Jaringan Pemantau Independen Kehutanan Indonesia

As part of our Voices of GFW series, learn about Muhammad Ichwan's work with Indonesia's Forestry Independent Monitoring Network (JPIK).

Voices of GFW: Muhammad Ichwan, JPIK

Voices of Global Forest Watch: Muhammad Ichwan, Indonesia&#8217;s Forestry Independent Monitoring Network

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<p>New tree cover loss data from the University of Maryland’s GLAD lab (UMD) and available on Global Forest Watch (GFW) shows declines in primary forest loss in some countries but a persistent rate overall in 2023. What does the data measure, what is different this year and how does it compare to other official estimates of deforestation? Here is what you should know about the new data.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What tree cover loss measures and how this differs from deforestation</h2>



<p>The tree cover loss data from UMD captures the annual loss of all trees taller than five meters for the calendar years between 2001 and 2023. The tree cover loss data includes the loss of trees in natural forests as well as in plantations and tree crops (though notably, the primary forest data we use to filter the loss in the tropics excludes plantations, tree crops and regrowing forests). Loss of this tree cover can be due to human or natural causes and can be permanent or temporary.</p>



<p>Deforestation differs in that it only refers to a human-caused, permanent change from forest to another land use. Some forms of tree cover loss, such as conversion of a natural forest to agricultural land, are considered deforestation, while other forms of tree cover loss, such as timber harvesting in plantation forests or natural disturbances, are not — <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/key-terms-definitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">read more about the differences here</a>. Loss in tree cover, whether deforestation or not, can be legal or illegal.</p>



<p>In some cases, such as in the <a href="https://gfw.global/4apxyiz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deforestation and Restoration Targets Tracker</a> on the Global Forest Review, we use a proxy for deforestation. That proxy includes losses that are from small-scale agriculture in humid tropical primary forests and all commodity-driven deforestation and urbanization (inside and outside of humid tropical primary forests). Temporary losses, such as from fires or forestry activities, are not included. We don’t use this deforestation proxy in all of our reporting because it is based on coarse resolution data that is designed to limit the inclusion of temporary losses or losses in planted forests at the global scale only. Deforestation continues to be difficult to track with globally consistent data sets and there are inherent delays in confirming whether loss detected in satellite imagery is temporary or permanent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Data improvements over time result in some inconsistencies in the data timeseries</h2>



<p>Algorithm adjustments and better satellite data have <a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/tree-cover-loss-satellite-data-trend-analysis/">improved the tree cover loss data set over time</a>.</p>



<p>This year, the loss detection algorithm used by the University of Maryland to create the tree cover loss data set was supplemented by information from the <a href="https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/DIST-ALERT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DIST-ALERT land disturbance data set</a>. Late season changes are sometimes missed in the tree cover loss data due to insufficient satellite data and cloud cover and are attributed to the following year. DIST-ALERT showed patches of tree cover loss that were originally missed by the tree cover loss data, and these were manually reviewed and included for 2023.</p>



<p>Employing DIST-ALERT helped especially to detect loss from late season forest fires in boreal forests and late season clearing in the tropics that would have otherwise appeared in the 2024 data. The DIST-ALERT data also helped detect some tree cover loss due to flooding and mining. The use of alerts resulted in a 3.7% increase in global tree cover loss detected. Most of the changes affected the boreal regions, while for the rest of the globe, the increase was only 1.7%. It is important to note that since most of the added areas would have otherwise been detected in 2024, we do not believe this change in the mapping approach for 2023 will have any impact on long-term trends in the data.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additional changes to the time series include adjustments to the algorithm for the years 2011-2014 and 2015 onwards and the incorporation of Landsat 8 data starting in 2013. These changes make it easier to detect smaller scale changes, such as loss due to fires, selective logging and shifting agriculture. Variations in satellite image availability also mean there are inconsistencies with the quality and number of images available to capture data each year.</p>



<p>To address these inconsistencies, we:</p>



<ul>
<li>Focus our analysis on trends post-2015.</li>



<li>Assess the three-year moving average to interpret longer-term trends.</li>



<li>Disregard the increase in loss post-2012 in places dominated by small-scale agriculture, like Central Africa.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What does tree cover loss from fire capture?</h2>



<p>The tree cover loss from fire data from UMD allows us to distinguish fire-driven loss from other tree cover loss by assigning likelihood of loss due to fire to each 30-meter tree cover loss pixel, breaking the data into loss due to fire and loss due to other drivers, such as agriculture or logging. The tree cover loss due to fire data includes natural or human-ignited fires that result in direct loss of tree canopy cover. The data captures wildfires, fires used to clear land for another use and intentionally set fires that result in tree cover loss (including escaped fires started by humans for purposes related to agriculture, hunting, recreation or arson). Instances where trees are felled and later burned are not included, however, since the initial driver of loss is mechanical removal.</p>



<p>This data allows us to better understand how fire impacted tree cover loss in 2023. For example, fire played especially large roles in Bolivia and Canada — <a href="https://gfw.global/43tcLbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learn more about our findings from the 2023 data here</a>.</p>



<p>Even though fires often do not result in a permanent change in land use, they are still an important source of carbon emissions and can <a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/global-trends-forest-fires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lead to feedback loops</a> of increasing emissions, hotter temperatures, drier forests and more fires.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why we focus on the tropics</h2>



<p>In our <a href="https://gfw.global/43tcLbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis of the UMD data</a>, we largely focus on tree cover loss in tropical primary forests because tropical forests experience <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss?utm_campaign=treecoverloss2021&utm_medium=bitly&utm_source=GFWBlog#how-much-tree-cover-is-lost-in-tropical-versus-temperate-and-boreal-forests" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the vast majority</a> (over 96%) of the world’s deforestation, and loss in those areas has huge impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage. Even if these losses are eventually reversed, it will <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh3629" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">take decades</a> for these habitats and carbon stocks to recover, and permanent biodiversity loss may occur.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How does tree cover loss compare with official country data in Brazil and Indonesia?</h2>



<p><em>Brazil</em></p>



<p>PRODES — the official forest monitoring system for the Amazon from Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) — and the UMD data have methodological and definitional differences that are important to understand when comparing these two data sources. PRODES measures clear cut deforestation and anthropogenic forest losses by fire larger than 6.25 hectares, whereas UMD captures loss larger than 0.09 hectares of all trees taller than five meters. These are both important measures that help us understand how forests are changing since deforestation, forest fires and small disturbances to forest canopy can all lead to impacts on climate, biodiversity and ecosystem services.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1348" height="1042" src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/23-05-04-gfr-technical-blog_UMDvsProdes-EN.png" alt="UMD and PRODES differences explained" class="wp-image-15866" srcset="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/23-05-04-gfr-technical-blog_UMDvsProdes-EN.png 1348w, https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/23-05-04-gfr-technical-blog_UMDvsProdes-EN-1024x792.png 1024w, https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/23-05-04-gfr-technical-blog_UMDvsProdes-EN-768x594.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1348px) 100vw, 1348px" /></figure>



<p>Both systems show a downward trend in loss for 2023 — 22% decrease for PRODES and 39% decrease for UMD (42% decrease for non-fire loss) in the Amazon biome, confirming the positive news for the Amazon.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">PRODES VS. UMD DATA IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON</h4>



<div class="flourish-embed flourish-chart" data-src="visualisation/17268908?163031"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>



<p><em>Indonesia</em></p>



<p>Overlaying the UMD/GFW primary forest loss data for 2023 with the official Indonesia land cover map from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) shows that 70% occurred within Indonesia’s official forest cover classes, with the remaining 30% taking place in mixed dry land agriculture, shrubland, swamp shrub and other land cover types. Approximately 144 thousand hectares of loss were found to be both within Indonesia’s official forest land cover classes and with a patch size larger than two hectares. Of these 144 thousand hectares, about 15 thousand hectares were within areas legally classified as primary forest in Indonesia.</p>



<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>MoEF class</strong></p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Percent of UMD/GFW 2023 Primary Forest Loss</strong></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Primary forest</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>9%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Secondary forest</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>60%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Plantation forest</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>1%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Non-forest</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>30%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>



<p></p>



<style type="text/css"></style>



<p></p>



<p></p>

Global Forest Watch’s 2023 Tree Cover Loss Data Explained

<p>New tree cover loss data from the University of Maryland’s GLAD lab (UMD) and available on Global Forest Watch (GFW) shows declines in primary forest loss in some countries but a persistent rate overall in 2023. What does the data measure, what is different this year and how does it compare to other official estimates of deforestation? Here is what you should know about the new data.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What tree cover loss measures and how this differs from deforestation</h2>



<p>The tree cover loss data from UMD captures the annual loss of all trees taller than five meters for the calendar years between 2001 and 2023. The tree cover loss data includes the loss of trees in natural forests as well as in plantations and tree crops (though notably, the primary forest data we use to filter the loss in the tropics excludes plantations, tree crops and regrowing forests). Loss of this tree cover can be due to human or natural causes and can be permanent or temporary.</p>



<p>Deforestation differs in that it only refers to a human-caused, permanent change from forest to another land use. Some forms of tree cover loss, such as conversion of a natural forest to agricultural land, are considered deforestation, while other forms of tree cover loss, such as timber harvesting in plantation forests or natural disturbances, are not — <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/key-terms-definitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">read more about the differences here</a>. Loss in tree cover, whether deforestation or not, can be legal or illegal.</p>



<p>In some cases, such as in the <a href="https://gfw.global/4apxyiz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deforestation and Restoration Targets Tracker</a> on the Global Forest Review, we use a proxy for deforestation. That proxy includes losses that are from small-scale agriculture in humid tropical primary forests and all commodity-driven deforestation and urbanization (inside and outside of humid tropical primary forests). Temporary losses, such as from fires or forestry activities, are not included. We don’t use this deforestation proxy in all of our reporting because it is based on coarse resolution data that is designed to limit the inclusion of temporary losses or losses in planted forests at the global scale only. Deforestation continues to be difficult to track with globally consistent data sets and there are inherent delays in confirming whether loss detected in satellite imagery is temporary or permanent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Data improvements over time result in some inconsistencies in the data timeseries</h2>



<p>Algorithm adjustments and better satellite data have <a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/tree-cover-loss-satellite-data-trend-analysis/">improved the tree cover loss data set over time</a>.</p>



<p>This year, the loss detection algorithm used by the University of Maryland to create the tree cover loss data set was supplemented by information from the <a href="https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/DIST-ALERT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DIST-ALERT land disturbance data set</a>. Late season changes are sometimes missed in the tree cover loss data due to insufficient satellite data and cloud cover and are attributed to the following year. DIST-ALERT showed patches of tree cover loss that were originally missed by the tree cover loss data, and these were manually reviewed and included for 2023.</p>



<p>Employing DIST-ALERT helped especially to detect loss from late season forest fires in boreal forests and late season clearing in the tropics that would have otherwise appeared in the 2024 data. The DIST-ALERT data also helped detect some tree cover loss due to flooding and mining. The use of alerts resulted in a 3.7% increase in global tree cover loss detected. Most of the changes affected the boreal regions, while for the rest of the globe, the increase was only 1.7%. It is important to note that since most of the added areas would have otherwise been detected in 2024, we do not believe this change in the mapping approach for 2023 will have any impact on long-term trends in the data.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additional changes to the time series include adjustments to the algorithm for the years 2011-2014 and 2015 onwards and the incorporation of Landsat 8 data starting in 2013. These changes make it easier to detect smaller scale changes, such as loss due to fires, selective logging and shifting agriculture. Variations in satellite image availability also mean there are inconsistencies with the quality and number of images available to capture data each year.</p>



<p>To address these inconsistencies, we:</p>



<ul>
<li>Focus our analysis on trends post-2015.</li>



<li>Assess the three-year moving average to interpret longer-term trends.</li>



<li>Disregard the increase in loss post-2012 in places dominated by small-scale agriculture, like Central Africa.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What does tree cover loss from fire capture?</h2>



<p>The tree cover loss from fire data from UMD allows us to distinguish fire-driven loss from other tree cover loss by assigning likelihood of loss due to fire to each 30-meter tree cover loss pixel, breaking the data into loss due to fire and loss due to other drivers, such as agriculture or logging. The tree cover loss due to fire data includes natural or human-ignited fires that result in direct loss of tree canopy cover. The data captures wildfires, fires used to clear land for another use and intentionally set fires that result in tree cover loss (including escaped fires started by humans for purposes related to agriculture, hunting, recreation or arson). Instances where trees are felled and later burned are not included, however, since the initial driver of loss is mechanical removal.</p>



<p>This data allows us to better understand how fire impacted tree cover loss in 2023. For example, fire played especially large roles in Bolivia and Canada — <a href="https://gfw.global/43tcLbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learn more about our findings from the 2023 data here</a>.</p>



<p>Even though fires often do not result in a permanent change in land use, they are still an important source of carbon emissions and can <a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/global-trends-forest-fires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lead to feedback loops</a> of increasing emissions, hotter temperatures, drier forests and more fires.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why we focus on the tropics</h2>



<p>In our <a href="https://gfw.global/43tcLbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis of the UMD data</a>, we largely focus on tree cover loss in tropical primary forests because tropical forests experience <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss?utm_campaign=treecoverloss2021&amp;utm_medium=bitly&amp;utm_source=GFWBlog#how-much-tree-cover-is-lost-in-tropical-versus-temperate-and-boreal-forests" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the vast majority</a> (over 96%) of the world’s deforestation, and loss in those areas has huge impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage. Even if these losses are eventually reversed, it will <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh3629" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">take decades</a> for these habitats and carbon stocks to recover, and permanent biodiversity loss may occur.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How does tree cover loss compare with official country data in Brazil and Indonesia?</h2>



<p><em>Brazil</em></p>



<p>PRODES — the official forest monitoring system for the Amazon from Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) — and the UMD data have methodological and definitional differences that are important to understand when comparing these two data sources. PRODES measures clear cut deforestation and anthropogenic forest losses by fire larger than 6.25 hectares, whereas UMD captures loss larger than 0.09 hectares of all trees taller than five meters. These are both important measures that help us understand how forests are changing since deforestation, forest fires and small disturbances to forest canopy can all lead to impacts on climate, biodiversity and ecosystem services.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/23-05-04-gfr-technical-blog_UMDvsProdes-EN.png" alt="UMD and PRODES differences explained" class="wp-image-15866"/></figure>



<p>Both systems show a downward trend in loss for 2023 — 22% decrease for PRODES and 39% decrease for UMD (42% decrease for non-fire loss) in the Amazon biome, confirming the positive news for the Amazon.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">PRODES VS. UMD DATA IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON</h4>



<div class="flourish-embed flourish-chart" data-src="visualisation/17268908?163031"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>



<p><em>Indonesia</em></p>



<p>Overlaying the UMD/GFW primary forest loss data for 2023 with the official Indonesia land cover map from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) shows that 70% occurred within Indonesia’s official forest cover classes, with the remaining 30% taking place in mixed dry land agriculture, shrubland, swamp shrub and other land cover types. Approximately 144 thousand hectares of loss were found to be both within Indonesia’s official forest land cover classes and with a patch size larger than two hectares. Of these 144 thousand hectares, about 15 thousand hectares were within areas legally classified as primary forest in Indonesia.</p>



<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>MoEF class</strong></p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Percent of UMD/GFW 2023 Primary Forest Loss</strong></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Primary forest</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>9%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Secondary forest</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>60%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Plantation forest</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>1%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Non-forest</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>30%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>



<p></p>



<style type="text/css"></style>



<p></p>



<p></p>

<p>Novos dados de perda de cobertura arbórea do GLAD Lab da University of Maryland (UMD) e disponíveis na plataforma Global Forest Watch (GFW) mostram uma redução na perda de floresta primária em alguns países, mas uma taxa geral persistente em 2023. O que os dados medem, o que há de diferente este ano e como eles se comparam a outras estimativas oficiais de desmatamento? Aqui está o que você precisa saber sobre os novos dados.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">O que a perda de cobertura arbórea mede e como ela difere do desmatamento </h2>



<p>Os dados de perda de cobertura arbórea da UMD capturam a perda anual de todas as árvores com mais de cinco metros de altura entre os anos de 2001 e 2023. Os dados sobre perda de cobertura arbórea incluem a perda de árvores em florestas naturais, bem como em plantações e cultivo arbóreo (embora seja importante notar que os dados sobre florestas que usamos para filtrar a perda nos trópicos excluem plantações, cultivos de árvores e florestas em regeneração). A perda dessa cobertura pode ser devido a causas humanas ou naturais, permanente ou temporária.</p>



<p>O desmatamento difere por se referir apenas a uma mudança permanente e causada pelo homem, partindo do estado de floresta para outros usos da terra. Algumas formas de perda de cobertura arbórea, como a conversão de uma floresta natural em terras agrícolas, são consideradas desmatamento, enquanto outras formas, como a extração de madeira em florestas plantadas ou distúrbios naturais, não são. <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/key-terms-definitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leia mais sobre as diferenças aqui</a>. A perda de cobertura arbórea, seja desmatamento ou não, pode ser legal ou ilegal.</p>



<p>Em alguns casos, como no <a href="https://gfw.global/4apxyiz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Targets Tracker de Desmatamento e Restauração</a> no Global Forest Review, usamos um indicador para desmatamento. Esse indicador inclui as perdas que são de agricultura de pequena escala em florestas tropicais primárias úmidas e todo desmatamento e urbanização impulsionados por <em>commodities </em>(dentro e fora de florestas tropicais primárias úmidas). Perdas temporárias, como as decorrentes de incêndios ou atividades florestais, não foram incluídas. Não usamos esse indicador de desmatamento em todos os nossos relatórios porque é baseado em dados de baixa resolução que são concebidos para limitar a inclusão de perdas temporárias ou perdas em florestas plantadas apenas em escala global. O desmatamento continua a ser difícil de rastrear com conjuntos de dados consistentes globalmente e há atrasos inerentes para confirmar se as perdas detectadas em imagens de satélite são temporárias ou permanentes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Melhorias de dados ao longo do tempo resultam em algumas inconsistências na série temporal de dados</h2>



<p>Ajustes de algoritmo e melhores dados de satélite <a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/tree-cover-loss-satellite-data-trend-analysis/">melhoraram o conjunto de dados de perda de cobertura arbórea ao longo do tempo</a>.</p>



<p>Este ano, o algoritmo de detecção de perda usado pela University of Maryland para criar o conjunto de dados de perda de cobertura arbórea foi suplementado pelas informações do <a href="https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/DIST-ALERT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conjunto de dados de alteração do solo do DIST-ALERT</a>. Mudanças da última estação às vezes são perdidas nos dados de perda de cobertura arbórea devido a dados de satélite insuficientes e cobertura de nuvens e são atribuídos ao ano seguinte. O DIST-ALERT mostrou fragmentos de perda de cobertura arbórea que originalmente foram omitidos pelos dados de perda de cobertura arbórea e incluídos para 2023 e esses foram revisados manualmente e incluídos em 2023.</p>



<p>Utilizar o DIST-ALERT ajudou especialmente a detectar a perda por queimadas da última estação em florestas boreais e desmatamento da última estação nos trópicos que de outro modo apareceriam nos dados de 2024. Os dados do DIST-ALERT também ajudaram a detectar parte da perda de cobertura arbórea devido à inundação e mineração. O uso de alertas resultou em um aumento de 3,7% em perda de cobertura arbórea detectada. A maioria das mudanças afetou as regiões boreais, embora para o restante do globo, o aumento foi de apenas 1,7%. É importante observar que, como a maioria das áreas adicionadas teria sido detectada em 2024 de outra forma, não acreditamos que essa mudança na abordagem de mapeamento em 2023 terá algum impacto nas tendências de longo prazo nos dados.</p>



<p>Mudanças adicionais para a série temporal inclui ajustes no algoritmo para os anos de 2011 a 2014 e a partir de 2015, bem como a incorporação de dados do Landsat 8 com início em 2013. Essas alterações facilitam a detecção de mudanças em escalas maiores, como a perda devido a incêndios, exploração madeireira seletiva e agricultura de rotação. Variações na disponibilidade de imagens por satélite também significam que há inconsistências na qualidade e no número de imagens disponíveis para capturar dados a cada ano.</p>



<p>Para resolver essas inconsistências, nós:</p>



<ul>
<li>concentramos nossa análise em tendências após 2015;</li>



<li>avaliamos a média móvel de três anos para interpretar as tendências de longo prazo; e</li>



<li>desconsideramos o aumento da perda após 2012 em locais dominados pela agricultura de pequena escala, como a África Central.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">O que a perda de cobertura arbórea devido a incêndio capta?</h2>



<p>Os dados de perda de cobertura arbórea devido a incêndio da UMD nos permitem distinguir de outras mudanças na cobertura florestal ao atribuir a probabilidade de perda devido a incêndio para cada pixel de perda de cobertura arbórea de 30 metros, dividindo os dados em perda devido a incêndio e perda devido a outros fatores, como agricultura ou extração de madeira. Esses dados incluem incêndios naturais ou provocados pelo homem que resultam em perda direta de cobertura de copa das árvores. Os dados capturam incêndios florestais, incêndios usados para limpar a terra para outro uso e incêndios intencionais que resultam em perda de cobertura arbórea (incluindo incêndios escapados iniciados por humanos para fins relacionados à agricultura, caça, recreação ou incêndio criminoso). No entanto, os casos em que as árvores são derrubadas e posteriormente queimadas não são incluídos, uma vez que o fator inicial de perda é a remoção mecânica.</p>



<p>Esses dados nos permitem entender melhor como incêndios afetaram a perda de cobertura arbórea em 2023. Por exemplo, incêndios desempenharam papéis especialmente grandes na Bolívia e Canadá. <a href="https://gfw.global/43tcLbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saiba mais sobre nossas descobertas a partir dos dados de 2023 aqui</a>.</p>



<p>Embora os incêndios muitas vezes não resultem em uma mudança permanente no uso da terra, eles ainda são uma importante fonte de emissões de carbono e podem <a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/global-trends-forest-fires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">levar a ciclos de retroalimentação</a> de emissões crescentes, temperaturas mais quentes, florestas mais secas e mais incêndios.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Por que nos concentramos nos trópicos? </h2>



<p>Na <a href="https://gfw.global/3LkdrbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">análise dos dados da UMD</a>, nós nos concentramos principalmente na perda de cobertura arbórea em florestas primárias tropicais, pois as florestas tropicais sofrem <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss?utm_campaign=treecoverloss2021&amp;utm_medium=bitly&amp;utm_source=GFWBlog#how-much-tree-cover-is-lost-in-tropical-versus-temperate-and-boreal-forests" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a grande maioria</a> (mais de 96%) do desmatamento mundial, e a perda nessas áreas tem impactos enormes sobre a biodiversidade e o armazenamento de carbono. Mesmo que essas perdas acabem sendo revertidas, <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh3629" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">levará décadas</a> para que esses habitats e estoques de carbono se recuperem, e poderá ocorrer uma perda permanente de biodiversidade.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Como a perda de cobertura arbórea se compara aos dados nacionais oficiais no Brasil e na Indonésia?  </h2>



<p><em>Brasil</em>&nbsp;</p>



<p>O PRODES – o sistema oficial de monitoramento florestal para a Amazônia do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) – e os dados da UMD têm diferenças metodológicas e de definição que são importantes de serem compreendidas ao comparar essas duas fontes de dados. O PRODES mede o desmatamento nítido e as perdas florestais antropogênicas por incêndio maiores que 6,25 hectares, enquanto a UMD captura perdas maiores que 0,09 hectare de todas as árvores com altura superior a cinco metros. Ambas são medidas importantes que nos ajudam a entender como as florestas estão mudando, uma vez que o desmatamento, as queimadas e pequenos distúrbios no dossel florestal podem levar a impactos no clima, na biodiversidade e nos serviços ecossistêmicos.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/PT-23-05-04-gfr-technical-blog_UMDvsProdes-PT.png" alt="" class="wp-image-16134" style="aspect-ratio:3/2;object-fit:cover"/></figure>



<p>Os sistemas mostram uma tendência de queda na perda para 2023. Uma diminuição de 22% para o PRODES e 39% para a UMD (42% de redução para a perda não relacionada a incêndios) no bioma da Amazônia, confirmando as notícias positivas para a Amazônia.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Dados do PRODES vs. UMD sobre a Amazônia brasileira</h4>



<div class="flourish-embed flourish-chart" data-src="visualisation/17601358?163031"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>



<p><em>Indonésia</em></p>



<p>A sobreposição dos dados de perda de floresta primária da UMD/GFW de 2023 com o mapa oficial de cobertura terrestre da Indonésia do Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Florestas (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, MoEF) mostra que 70% ocorreu em classes oficiais de cobertura florestal da Indonésia, com os restantes 30% ocorrendo em áreas de agricultura em terras secas mistas, matagais, arbustos de pântanos e outros tipos de cobertura do solo. Cerca de 144 mil hectares de perda revelaram ser tanto classes oficiais de cobertura florestal da Indonésia quanto ter um tamanho de fragmento maior do que dois hectares. Dos 144 mil hectares, cerca de 15 mil hectares estavam em áreas legalmente classificadas como floresta primária na Indonésia.</p>



<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Classe do MoEF</strong></p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Porcentagem de perda florestal primária de 2023 da UMD/GFW</strong></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Floresta primária</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>9%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Floresta secundária</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>60%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Floresta plantada</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>1%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Não florestal</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>30%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>



<p></p>



<style type="text/css"></style>



<p></p>



<p></p>

Explicação dos dados do Global Forest Watch sobre a perda de cobertura arbórea de 2023

<p>Los nuevos datos de pérdida de cobertura arbórea del laboratorio GLAD de la Universidad de Maryland (UMD) y disponibles en Global Forest Watch (GFW) muestran disminuciones en la pérdida de bosques primarios en algunos países, pero una tasa persistente en general en 2023. ¿Qué miden los datos, qué ha cambiado este año y cómo se comparan los datos a otras estimaciones oficiales de deforestación? Esto es lo que usted debe saber sobre los nuevos datos.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Qué mide la pérdida de cobertura arbórea y cuál es su diferencia con la deforestación &nbsp;</h2>



<p>Los datos de pérdida de cobertura arbórea de UMD capturan la pérdida anual de todos los árboles de más de cinco metros de altura entre el 2001 y el 2023. Los datos de pérdida de cobertura arbórea incluyen la pérdida de árboles en bosques naturales, así como en plantaciones y cultivos arbóreos (aunque es importante recalcar que los datos de bosques primarios que utilizamos para filtrar la pérdida en los trópicos excluyen las plantaciones, los cultivos arbóreos y los bosques en regeneración). La pérdida de esta cobertura arbórea puede ser de origen humano o natural y puede ser permanente o temporal.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>La deforestación se diferencia en que solo se refiere a un cambio de cobertura arbórea permanente de un bosque a otro uso de la tierra provocado por seres humanos (y no por causas naturales). Algunas formas de pérdida de cobertura arbórea, como la conversión de un bosque natural a tierras agrícolas, se consideran deforestación, mientras que otras formas de pérdida de cobertura arbórea, como la tala de madera en plantaciones forestales o las alteraciones naturales, no; <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/key-terms-definitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lea más sobre las diferencias aquí</a>. La pérdida de cobertura arbórea, ya sea deforestación o no, puede ser legal o ilegal.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>En algunos casos, como en el <a href="https://gfw.global/4apxyiz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seguimiento de Objetivos de Deforestación y Restauración</a> de Global Forest Review, utilizamos un indicador que representa la deforestación. Ese indicador incluye las pérdidas derivadas de la agricultura a pequeña escala en los bosques primarios tropicales húmedos y toda la deforestación y urbanización impulsada por los productos básicos de consumo (dentro y fuera de los bosques primarios tropicales húmedos). Las pérdidas temporales, como aquellas provocadas por incendios o actividades forestales, no están incluidas. No utilizamos este indicador de deforestación en todos nuestros informes porque está basado en datos de resolución aproximada que están diseñados para limitar la inclusión de pérdidas temporales o pérdidas en bosques plantados solo a escala global. La deforestación sigue siendo difícil de rastrear con conjuntos de datos consistentes a nivel mundial y existen retrasos inherentes para confirmar si la pérdida detectada en las imágenes satelitales es temporal o permanente.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Las mejoras en los datos a lo largo del tiempo generan algunas incoherencias en las series temporales de datos </h2>



<p>Los ajustes del algoritmo y la mejora de los datos satelitales han <a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/tree-cover-loss-satellite-data-trend-analysis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mejorado el conjunto de datos de pérdida de cobertura arbórea a lo largo del tiempo</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Este año, el algoritmo de detección de pérdidas utilizado por la Universidad de Maryland para crear los datos de pérdida de cobertura arbórea se complementó con información del <a href="https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/DIST-ALERT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conjunto de datos de perturbaciones terrestres DIST-ALERT</a>. A veces los cambios de final de temporada de un año se omiten en los datos de pérdida de cobertura arbórea (debido a datos satelitales insuficientes y la cobertura de nubes) y se atribuyen en vez al año siguiente. DIST-ALERT mostró áreas de pérdida de cobertura arbórea que el algoritmo anual no detectó. Estas áreas se revisaron e incluyeron manualmente para el 2023.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>El uso de DIST-ALERT ayudó especialmente a detectar pérdidas por incendios forestales de final de temporada en los bosques boreales y la tala de final de temporada en los trópicos que de otro modo habrían aparecido en los datos del 2024. Los datos de DIST-ALERT también ayudaron a detectar pérdida de cobertura arbórea debido a inundaciones y minería. El uso de estas alertas resultó en un aumento del 3,7 % en la pérdida de cobertura arbórea global detectada. La mayoría de los cambios afectaron a las regiones boreales, mientras que para el resto del mundo, el aumento fue de solo el 1,7 %. Es importante tener en cuenta que, dado que la mayoría de las áreas añadidas se habrían detectado de otro modo en 2024, no creemos que este cambio en el enfoque de mapeo para el 2023 tenga ningún impacto en las tendencias a largo plazo de los datos.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Los cambios adicionales a la serie temporal incluyen ajustes al algoritmo para los años 2011-2014 y para los años del 2015 en adelante y la incorporación de datos del Landsat 8 a partir del 2013. Estos cambios facilitan la detección de cambios a menor escala, como pérdidas por incendios, tala selectiva y agricultura migratoria. Las variaciones en la disponibilidad de imágenes satelitales también implican inconsistencias en la calidad y el número de imágenes disponibles para capturar la perdida cada año.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Para abordar estas inconsistencias, nosotros:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<ul>
<li>Centramos nuestros análisis en tendencias después del 2015.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>



<li>Evaluamos el promedio móvil de tres años para interpretar las tendencias a más largo plazo.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>



<li>Ignoramos el aumento de las pérdidas después de 2012 en lugares donde predomina la agricultura a pequeña escala, como África Central.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">¿Qué captura la pérdida de cobertura arbórea por incendios? </h2>



<p>Los datos de pérdida de cobertura arbórea a debida a incendios de la UMD nos permiten distinguir la pérdida provocada por incendios de otras pérdidas de cobertura arbórea. Estos datos atribuyen la probabilidad de pérdida debida al fuego de cada píxel de pérdida de cobertura arbórea de 30 metros. Usando estos datos, podemos distinguirla pérdida debida al fuego de la pérdida debida a otros factores, como la agricultura o la explotación forestal. Los datos sobre la pérdida de cobertura arbórea debida a los incendios incluyen los incendios naturales y aquellos provocados por seres humanos, que generan una pérdida directa del dosel de árbol. Los datos capturan los incendios forestales, los incendios utilizados para despejar el terreno para otro uso y los incendios provocados intencionadamente que dan lugar a la pérdida de cobertura arbórea (incluidos los incendios fugitivos iniciados por los seres humanos con fines relacionados con la agricultura, la caza, las actividades recreativas o los incendios provocados). Sin embargo, no se incluyen los casos en los que los árboles se talan y posteriormente se queman, ya que en estos casos el impulsor inicial de la pérdida es la eliminación mecánica.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Estos datos nos permiten comprender mejor el impacto del fuego en la pérdida de cobertura arbórea en el 2023. Por ejemplo, los incendios desempeñaron un papel especialmente importante en Bolivia y Canadá; <a href="https://gfw.global/43tcLbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obtenga más información sobre nuestros hallazgos a partir de los datos de 2023 aquí</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Aunque los incendios no suelen provocar un cambio permanente en el uso del suelo, siguen siendo una fuente importante de emisiones de carbono y pueden <a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/global-trends-forest-fires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dar lugar a bucles de retroalimentación</a> de aumento de emisiones, temperaturas más altas, bosques más secos y más incendios.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">¿Por qué nos centramos en los trópicos?  </h2>



<p>En nuestro <a href="https://gfw.global/3LkdrbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">análisis de</a> los datos de la Universidad de Maryland (UMD), nos centramos principalmente en la pérdida de cobertura arbórea en los bosques tropicales primarios, ya que en ellos se registra <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss?utm_campaign=treecoverloss2021&amp;utm_medium=bitly&amp;utm_source=GFWBlog#how-much-tree-cover-is-lost-in-tropical-versus-temperate-and-boreal-forests" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">la mayor parte</a> (más del 96%) de la deforestación mundial, y la pérdida en esas áreas tiene enormes repercusiones sobre la biodiversidad y el almacenamiento de carbono. Aunque estas pérdidas puedan revertirse eventualmente, los hábitats y las reservas de carbono <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh3629" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tardarán décadas</a> en recuperarse y podría producirse una pérdida permanente de biodiversidad. &nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">¿Cómo se compara la pérdida de cobertura arbórea con los datos oficiales de Brasil e Indonesia?   </h2>



<p><em>Brasil</em> &nbsp;</p>



<p>PRODES (el sistema oficial de monitoreo forestal para la Amazonia del Instituto Nacional De Investigación Espacial de Brasil (INPE)) y los datos de la Universidad de Maryland (UMD) tienen diferencias metodológicas y de definición que son importantes de entender cuando se comparan estas dos fuentes de datos. PRODES mide la deforestación total de más de 6.25 hectáreas y pérdidas de bosques antropogénicos por incendios, mientras que la Universidad de Maryland (UMD) registra la pérdida de más de 0.09 hectáreas de todos los árboles de más de cinco metros de altura. Ambas son medidas importantes que nos ayudan a entender cómo cambian los bosques, ya que la deforestación, los incendios forestales y las pequeñas alteraciones del dosel forestal pueden tener impactos en el clima, la biodiversidad y los servicios de los ecosistemas. &nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ES-Tech-Blog-Graphic_UMDvsProdes-2023.png" alt="" class="wp-image-17442"/></figure>



<p>Ambos sistemas muestran una tendencia a la baja en pérdidas para 2023 en el bioma amazónico: una disminución del 22 % según PRODES y una disminución del 39 % según UMD (disminución del 42 % para pérdidas sin incendios), lo que confirma las noticias positivas para la Amazonia.&nbsp;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Datos de PRODES vs. UMD en la Amazonia brasileña</h4>



<div class="flourish-embed flourish-chart" data-src="visualisation/17690036?163031"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>



<p><em>Indonesia</em></p>



<p>La superposición de los datos de pérdida de bosques primarios de UMD/GFW para el 2023 con el mapa oficial de cobertura terrestre de Indonesia del Ministerio de Medioambiente y Silvicultura (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, MoEF) muestra que el 70 % de la pérdida ocurrió dentro de las clases oficiales de cobertura arbórea de Indonesia, y el 30 % restante tuvo lugar en agricultura mixta de tierras secas, matorrales, arbustos pantanosos y otros tipos de cobertura de tierra. Aproximadamente 144 mil hectáreas de pérdida con un tamaño de parche superior a dos hectáreas se encontraron dentro de las clases oficiales de cubierta forestal de Indonesia. De estas 144 mil hectáreas, alrededor de 15 mil hectáreas se encontraron dentro de áreas legalmente clasificadas como bosques primarios en Indonesia.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Clase según el MoEF</strong></p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Porcentaje de pérdida de bosques primarios de UMD/GFW en 2023</strong></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Bosques primarios</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>9%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Bosques secundarios</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>60%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Bosques de plantaciones</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>1%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>No forestal</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>30%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>



<p></p>



<style type="text/css"></style>



<p></p>



<p></p>

Explicación de los datos de Global Forest Watch sobre la pérdida de cobertura arbórea en 2023  

<p>Les nouvelles données du laboratoire GLAD de l’Université du Maryland (UMD) sur la perte de la couverture arborée, disponibles sur Global Forest Watch (GFW), indiquent une réduction des pertes de forêts primaires dans certains pays. Le taux global reste cependant constant en 2023. Que mesurent les données, quelles sont les différences cette année et quelle comparaison peut être faite par rapport aux autres estimations officielles de déforestation ? Voici ce qu'il faut savoir sur les nouvelles données.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Qu’est-ce que la perte de couverture arborée et en quoi cela diffère-t-elle de la déforestation?   </h2>



<p>Les données de l’UMD sur la perte de la couverture arborée compilent les pertes annuelles d’arbres mesurant plus de 5 mètres au cours des années civiles 2001 à 2023. Ces données comprennent la perte d’arbres dans les forêts naturelles ainsi que dans les plantations et les cultures arbustives (même s’il convient de préciser que les données sur les forêts primaires que nous utilisons pour filtrer les pertes dans les régions tropicales ne prennent pas en compte les plantations, les cultures arbustives et les forêts en cours de reboisement). La perte de cette couverture arborée peut être due à des causes humaines ou naturelles et peut être permanente ou temporaire.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>La déforestation diffère en ce sens qu’elle ne fait référence qu’à un changement permanent, causé par l’homme, de la forêt à une autre utilisation des terres. Certaines formes de perte de couverture arborée, comme la conversion d’une forêt naturelle en terres agricoles, sont considérées comme une déforestation, tandis que d’autres formes de perte de couverture arborée, comme la récolte de bois dans les forêts de plantation ou les perturbations naturelles, ne le sont pas — <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/key-terms-definitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pour en savoir plus sur les différences, cliquez ici</a>. La perte de couverture arborée, qu’elle soit due à la déforestation ou non, peut être légale ou illégale.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dans certains cas, comme avec le <a href="https://gfw.global/4apxyiz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Targets Tracker, l’outil de suivi de la déforestation et de la restauration</a> utilisé par Global Forest Review, nous utilisons un proxy pour estimer la déforestation. Ce proxy prend en compte les pertes dues à l’agriculture à petite échelle dans les forêts primaires tropicales humides et toute la déforestation liée aux commodités et à l’urbanisation (au sein des forêts primaires tropicales humides et en dehors). Les pertes temporaires, telles que résultant des incendies ou des activités forestières ne sont pas incluses. Nous n’utilisons pas le proxy de la déforestation dans tous nos rapports, car elle repose sur des données de résolution brute conçues pour limiter l’inclusion de pertes temporaires ou pertes dans les forêts plantées à l’échelle mondiale.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Il reste difficile de suivre la déforestation à l'aide d'ensembles de données cohérents à l'échelle mondiale et il y a des retards inhérents à la confirmation du caractère temporaire ou permanent des pertes détectées par l'imagerie satellitaire.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">L’amélioration des données au fil du temps entraîne des incohérences dans les séries de données chronologiques&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Les ajustements des algorithmes et de meilleures données satellitaires ont <a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/tree-cover-loss-satellite-data-trend-analysis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amélioré les données de perte de la couverture arborée au cours du temps</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Cette année, à l’algorithme de détection des pertes utilisé par l’Université du Maryland pour créer l’ensemble de données sur la perte de couverture arborée s’est ajouté <a href="https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/DIST-ALERT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">l’ensemble de données sur les perturbations de terres DIST-ALERT</a>. Les changements observés en fin de saison ne figurent parfois pas dans les données de perte de couverture arborée en raison d’un manque de données satellitaires ou de la couverture nuageuse. Ils sont alors attribués à l’année suivante. Les données DIST-ALERT ont montré des zones de perte de couverture arborée qui, à l’origine, n’avaient pas été relevées dans les données de perte de couverture arborée. Ces zones ont été étudiées et incluses manuellement dans les estimations de 2023.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>L’utilisation des données DIST-ALERT a en particulier permis de détecter les pertes survenues en fin de saison dues aux feux de forêts boréales et au déboisement dans les régions tropicales, pertes qui auraient autrement été comptabilisées dans les données 2024. Les données DIST-ALERT ont également contribué à détecter certaines pertes de couverture arborée dues aux inondations et à l’exploitation minière. Grâce aux alertes, il a été possible d’améliorer de 3,7 % la détection des pertes de couverture arborée à l’échelle mondiale. La plupart des changements ont affecté les régions boréales, l’augmentation n’ayant été que de 1,7 % pour le reste de la planète. Il est important de noter que la plupart des zones ajoutées auraient été détectées en 2024, nous ne pensons pas que ce changement dans l'approche cartographique pour 2023 aura un impact sur les tendances à long terme des données.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Les modifications supplémentaires apportées à la série temporelle incluent des ajustements de l’algorithme pour les années 2011 à 2014 et 2015 et suivantes et l’incorporation des données Landsat 8 à partir de 2013. Ces modifications permettent de détecter plus facilement les changements à petite échelle, comme les pertes dues aux incendies, à la coupe sélective et à l’agriculture itinérante. Les variations dans la disponibilité des images satellites signifient également qu'il y a des incohérences dans la qualité et le nombre d'images disponibles pour capturer les données chaque année.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pour gérer ces incohérences, nous :&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<ul>
<li>Concentrons nos analyses sur les tendances après 2015.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>



<li>Évaluons la moyenne mobile sur trois ans pour interpréter les tendances à long terme.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>



<li>Ne tenons pas compte de l’augmentation des pertes après 2012 dans les régions dominées par l’agriculture à petite échelle, comme l’Afrique centrale.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Qu’indique la perte de couverture arborée due aux incendies? </h2>



<p>En attribuant la probabilité de perte due aux incendies à chaque pixel de 30 mètres de perte de couverture arborée, les données de l’UMD sur la perte de couverture arborée nous permettent de distinguer les pertes dues aux incendies des autres pertes, séparant ainsi les données concernant les pertes dues aux incendies et celles dues à d’autres facteurs comme l’agriculture et l’exploitation forestière. Les données de perte de couverture arborée due aux incendies incluent les feux d’origine naturelle ou humaine entraînant une perte directe du couvert arboré. Les données capturent les incendies, les feux utilisés pour défricher la terre à d’autres fins et les incendies intentionnels entraînant une perte de la couverture arborée (ce qui inclut les feux allumés par des humains à des fins agricoles et de chasse, de loisirs ou les incendies criminels qui se sont propagés). Cependant, les cas dans lesquels les arbres sont tombés et ont ensuite été brûlés ne sont pas inclus étant donné que le facteur initial de la perte implique un enlèvement mécanique.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ces données nous permettent de mieux comprendre l’impact des incendies sur les données de perte de couverture arborée en 2023. Par exemple, les incendies ont joué un rôle particulièrement important en Bolivie et au Canada - <a href="https://gfw.global/43tcLbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pour en savoir plus sur nos conclusions sur les données 2023, cliquez ici</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Même si les incendies entraînent rarement des changements permanents dans l’occupation des sols, ils sont néanmoins une source importante d’émissions de CO2 susceptibles <a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/global-trends-forest-fires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">d’entraîner des boucles de rétroaction</a> créant une augmentation des émissions, une hausse des températures, des forêts plus sèches et plus de feux.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Pourquoi nous concentrons-nous sur les tropiques?  </h2>



<p>Dans notre <a href="https://gfw.global/3LkdrbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analyse des données de l’UMD</a>, nous nous concentrons principalement sur la perte du couvert arboré dans les forêts primaires tropicales. Cette focalisation est justifiée par le fait que les forêts tropicales représentent la <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss?utm_campaign=treecoverloss2021&amp;utm_medium=bitly&amp;utm_source=GFWBlog#how-much-tree-cover-is-lost-in-tropical-versus-temperate-and-boreal-forests" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grande majorité</a> (plus de 96 %) des zones touchées par la déforestation dans le monde. La perte de ces forêts a un impact considérable sur la biodiversité et le stockage du carbone. Même si ces pertes sont finalement inversées, il faudra <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh3629" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">des décennies</a> pour que ces habitats et ces stocks de carbone se reconstituent. De plus, une perte permanente de biodiversité est susceptible de se produire. &nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Comment la perte du couvert arboré se compare-t-elle aux données officielles du Brésil et de l’Indonésie?  </h2>



<p><em>Brésil</em> &nbsp;</p>



<p>Il est essentiel de comprendre les différences méthodologiques et définitionnelles entre PRODES, le système officiel de surveillance des forêts amazoniennes de l'Institut national brésilien de recherche spatiale (INPE), et les données de l'UMD lors de la comparaison de ces deux sources d'information. PRODES mesure la déforestation par coupes rases et les pertes forestières anthropiques résultant d'incendies sur des surfaces de plus de 6,25 hectares. En revanche, l'UMD enregistre les pertes du couvert forestier de plus de 0,09 hectare, incluant tous les arbres de plus de cinq mètres de haut. Ces deux mesures sont importantes pour comprendre l'évolution des forêts, car la déforestation, les incendies de forêt et les perturbations mineures du couvert forestier peuvent tous avoir un impact sur le climat, la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/FR-Tech-Blog-Graphic_UMDvsProdes-2023.png" alt="" class="wp-image-17409"/></figure>



<p>En 2023, les deux systèmes indiquent une tendance à la baisse pour les pertes : 22 % de réduction pour PRODES et 39 % pour l’UMD (42 % pour les pertes qui ne résultent pas d’incendies) dans le biome amazonien, confirmant les nouvelles positives concernant l’Amazonie.&nbsp;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Données PRODES vs UMD dans l’Amazonie brésilienne</h4>



<div class="flourish-embed flourish-chart" data-src="visualisation/17690123?163031"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>



<p><em>Indonésie</em>&nbsp;</p>



<p>En superposant les données de perte de forêts primaires de l’UMD/GFW en 2023 à la carte officielle de la couverture terrestre en Indonésie, publiée par le ministère de l’Environnement et de la Foresterie (MoEF), on observe que 70 % des pertes sont survenues au sein des classes officielles de couverture forestière en Indonésie. Les 30 % restant concernent un mélange d’agriculture dans des zones arides, de zones arbustives, d’arbustes marécageux, et d’autres types de couverture terrestre. Environ 144 000 hectares de perte ont été trouvés à la fois dans les classes officielles de couverture forestière de l'Indonésie et avec une taille de parcelle supérieure à deux hectares. Sur ces 144 000 hectares, environ 15 000 étaient situés dans des zones légalement classées comme forêts primaires en Indonésie.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Classe MoEF</strong></p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Pourcentage de perte de forêts primaires selon les données UMD/GFW 2023</strong></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Forêt primaire</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>9%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Forêt secondaire</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>60%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Forêt de plantation</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>1%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Zones non forestières</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>30%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>



<p></p>



<style type="text/css"></style>



<p></p>



<p></p>

Explication des données du Global Forest Watch sur la perte du couvert arboré en 2023  

<p>Data kehilangan tutupan pohon baru dari laboratorium GLAD University of Maryland (UMD) dan tersedia di Global Forest Watch (GFW) menunjukkan penurunan kehilangan hutan primer di beberapa negara, tetapi secara keseluruhan masih tetap tinggi pada tahun 2023. Apa yang diukur oleh data tersebut, apa yang berbeda tahun ini, dan bagaimana perbandingannya dengan perkiraan resmi deforestasi lainnya? Berikut beberapa hal yang perlu Anda ketahui tentang data baru tersebut.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Apa yang diukur oleh kehilangan tutupan pohon dan apa perbedaannya dengan deforestasi  </h2>



<p>Data kehilangan tutupan pohon dari UMD mencatat kehilangan tahunan dari semua pohon yang memiliki tinggi lebih dari lima meter selama tahun kalender antara tahun 2001 sampai 2023. Data kehilangan tutupan pohon mencakup kehilangan pohon di hutan alami serta di perkebunan dan tanaman pohon (meskipun perlu diperhatikan bahwa data hutan primer yang kami gunakan untuk menyaring kehilangan di daerah tropis tidak termasuk perkebunan, tanaman pohon, dan hutan yang tumbuh kembali). Kehilangan tutupan pohon ini dapat diakibatkan oleh penyebab manusia atau alam serta dapat bersifat permanen atau sementara.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Hal ini berbeda dengan deforestasi yang hanya mengacu pada perubahan dari hutan menjadi penggunaan lahan lainnya yang bersifat permanen dan disebabkan oleh manusia. Beberapa bentuk kehilangan tutupan pohon, seperti konversi hutan alami menjadi lahan pertanian, dianggap sebagai deforestasi, sedangkan bentuk kehilangan tutupan pohon lainnya, seperti pemanenan kayu di hutan perkebunan atau gangguan alami, tidak termasuk deforestasi — <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/key-terms-definitions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baca selengkapnya tentang perbedaannya di sini</a>. Kehilangan tutupan pohon, baik deforestasi maupun bukan, dapat bersifat legal atau ilegal.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dalam beberapa kasus, seperti di <a href="https://gfw.global/4apxyiz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deforestation and Restoration Targets Tracker</a> pada Global Forest Review, kami menggunakan proksi untuk deforestasi. Proksi tersebut mencakup kehilangan yang berasal dari pertanian berskala kecil di hutan primer tropis lembap serta seluruh deforestasi dan urbanisasi yang didorong oleh komoditas (di dalam dan di luar hutan primer tropis lembap). Kehilangan sementara, seperti karena kebakaran atau kegiatan kehutanan, tidak tercakup. Kami tidak menggunakan proksi deforestasi ini pada semua laporan kami karena proksi berasal dari data resolusi kasar yang dirancang untuk membatasi inklusi kehilangan sementara atau kehilangan di hutan yang telah ditanami hanya pada skala global. Deforestasi tetap sulit untuk dilacak dengan kumpulan data yang konsisten secara global dan terdapat penundaan yang melekat dalam mengonfirmasi jika kehilangan yang terdeteksi dalam pencitraan satelit bersifat sementara atau permanen.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Perbaikan data dari waktu ke waktu menghasilkan beberapa inkonsistensi dalam rangkaian waktu data </h2>



<p>Penyesuaian algoritma dan data satelit yang lebih baik telah <a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/tree-cover-loss-satellite-data-trend-analysis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meningkatkan kumpulan data kehilangan tutupan pohon dari waktu ke waktu</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Tahun ini, algoritma pendeteksi kehilangan yang digunakan oleh University of Maryland untuk membuat kumpulan data kehilangan tutupan pohon dilengkapi informasi dari <a href="https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/DIST-ALERT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kumpulan data gangguan lahan DIST-ALERT</a>. Perubahan akhir musim kadang terlewatkan dalam data kehilangan tutupan pohon karena data satelit dan tutupan awan yang tidak mencukupi serta perubahannya dimasukkan pada tahun berikutnya. DIST-ALERT menunjukkan petak kehilangan tutupan pohon yang awalnya terlewatkan oleh data kehilangan tutupan pohon, serta data ini ditinjau secara manual dan dimasukkan untuk tahun 2023.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Penggunaan DIST-ALERT membantu utamanya dalam mendeteksi kehilangan akibat kebakaran hutan pada akhir musim di hutan boreal dan pembukaan lahan pada akhir musim di daerah tropis yang seharusnya muncul dalam data tahun 2024. Data DIST-ALERT ini juga membantu mendeteksi beberapa kehilangan tutupan pohon karena banjir dan pertambangan. Penggunaan data peringatan tersebut menghasilkan peningkatan sebesar 3,7% pada kehilangan tutupan pohon global yang terdeteksi. Sebagian besar perubahan tersebut berdampak pada wilayah boreal, sementara untuk wilayah lainnya di dunia, peningkatannya hanya sebesar 1,7%. Penting untuk diperhatikan bahwa karena sebagian besar area yang ditambahkan akan terdeteksi pada tahun 2024, kami tidak yakin perubahan pendekatan pemetaan untuk tahun 2023 ini akan berdampak pada tren jangka panjang dalam data.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Perubahan tambahan terhadap rangkaian waktu meliputi penyesuaian algoritme untuk tahun 2011-2014 dan 2015 ke depan, serta penggabungan data Landsat 8 mulai tahun 2013. Perubahan ini mempermudah deteksi perubahan berskala lebih kecil, seperti kehilangan akibat kebakaran, tebang pilih, dan pertanian berpindah. Ketersediaan citra satelit yang bervariasi juga berarti terdapat ketidakkonsistenan dalam kualitas dan jumlah citra yang tersedia untuk mencatat data setiap tahunnya.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Untuk menangani ketidakkonsistenan ini, kami:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<ul>
<li>Memfokuskan analisis pada tren pasca-2015&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>



<li>Menilai rata-rata pergerakan selama tiga tahun untuk menginterpretasikan tren dalam jangka waktu yang lebih lama&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>



<li>Mengabaikan peningkatan kehilangan pasca-2012 di tempat yang didominasi oleh pertanian skala kecil, seperti Afrika Tengah&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh kehilangan tutupan pohon akibat kebakaran? </h2>



<p>Data kehilangan tutupan pohon akibat kebakaran dari UMD memungkinkan kami membedakan kehilangan yang diakibatkan oleh kebakaran dari kehilangan tutupan pohon lain. Ini dilakukan dengan menetapkan kemungkinan kehilangan akibat kebakaran untuk setiap piksel kehilangan tutupan pohon berukuran 30 meter, memecah data menjadi kehilangan karena kebakaran dan kehilangan karena faktor pendorong lain, seperti pertanian atau penebangan. Data kehilangan tutupan pohon akibat kebakaran termasuk kebakaran alami atau yang dipicu oleh manusia yang mengakibatkan kehilangan tutupan kanopi pohon secara langsung. Data tersebut mencakup kebakaran hutan, kebakaran yang digunakan untuk membuka lahan untuk penggunaan lain, dan kebakaran yang disengaja yang mengakibatkan kehilangan tutupan pohon (termasuk kebakaran yang disebabkan oleh manusia untuk tujuan yang terkait dengan pertanian, berburu, rekreasi, atau pembakaran). Namun demikian, kejadian saat pohon ditebang lalu dibakar tidak termasuk karena pendorong awal kehilangan adalah pemindahan mekanis.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Data ini memungkinkan kami lebih memahami bagaimana kebakaran berdampak pada data kehilangan tutupan pohon pada tahun 2023. Contohnya, kebakaran yang berperan besar khususnya di Bolivia dan Kanada — <a href="https://gfw.global/43tcLbQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pelajari lebih lanjut tentang temuan kami dari data tahun 2023 di sini</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Meskipun kebakaran sering kali tidak mengakibatkan perubahan permanen dalam penggunaan lahan, kebakaran tetap merupakan sumber emisi karbon yang besar dan dapat <a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/global-trends-forest-fires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">menyebabkan putaran umpan balik</a> berupa peningkatan emisi, suhu yang lebih panas, hutan yang lebih kering, dan lebih banyak kebakaran.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mengapa kami berfokus pada daerah tropis</strong> &nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dalam <a href="https://gfw.global/3LkdrbQ%22%20/t%20%22_blank" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analisis data UMD</a>, kami kebanyakan berfokus pada kehilangan tutupan pohon di hutan primer tropis, sebab hutan tropis menjadi korban dari <a href="https://research.wri.org/gfr/forest-extent-indicators/forest-loss?utm_campaign=treecoverloss2021&amp;utm_medium=bitly&amp;utm_source=GFWBlog%22%20\\l%20%22how-much-tree-cover-is-lost-in-tropical-versus-temperate-and-boreal-forests%22%20\t%20%22_blank" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sebagian besar</a> (lebih dari 96%) deforestasi di dunia, dan kehilangan di kawasan tersebut berdampak besar pada keanekaragaman hayati dan penyimpanan karbon. Meskipun kehilangan tersebut pada akhirnya dapat dikembalikan, <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh3629" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dibutuhkan waktu puluhan tahun</a> agar habitat dan stok karbon ini dapat pulih, dan kehilangan keanekaragaman hayati permanen dapat terjadi. &nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Bagaimana perbandingan kehilangan tutupan pohon dengan data negara resmi di Brasil dan Indonesia?<strong> </strong> </h2>



<p><em>Brasil</em> &nbsp;</p>



<p>PRODES — sistem pemantauan hutan resmi untuk Amazon dari Institut Nasional untuk Penelitian Angkasa Brasil (National Institute for Space Research, INPE) — dan data UMD memiliki perbedaan metodologi dan definisi yang penting untuk dipahami ketika membandingkan kedua sumber data ini. PRODES mengukur deforestasi tebang habis dan kehilangan hutan antropogenik akibat kebakaran yang lebih besar dari 6,25 hektare, sedangkan UMD mencatat kehilangan yang lebih besar dari 0,09 hektare dari semua pohon yang tingginya lebih dari 5 meter. Keduanya merupakan langkah penting yang membantu kita memahami bagaimana hutan berubah karena deforestasi, kebakaran hutan, dan gangguan kecil pada kanopi hutan, semuanya dapat berdampak pada iklim, keanekaragaman hayati, dan jasa ekosistem. &nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/ID-Tech-Blog-Graphic_UMDvsProdes-2023.png" alt="" class="wp-image-17429"/></figure>



<p>Kedua sistem menunjukkan tren penurunan kehilangan untuk tahun 2023 — penurunan sebesar 22% untuk PRODES dan 39% untuk UMD (penurunan sebesar 42% untuk kehilangan nonkebakaran) di bioma Amazon, yang mengonfirmasi kabar positif untuk Amazon.&nbsp;</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">PRODES vs. Data UMD di Amazon Brasil  </h4>



<div class="flourish-embed flourish-chart" data-src="visualisation/17690090?163031"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>



<p><em>Indonesia</em>&nbsp;</p>



<p>Jika data kehilangan hutan primer UMD/GFW untuk tahun 2023 ditumpangsusunkan dengan peta tutupan lahan resmi Indonesia dari Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK), terlihat bahwa 70% kehilangan tutupan hutan primer terjadi dalam kelas tutupan hutan resmi Indonesia, dengan 30% sisanya terjadi di lahan pertanian kering campuran, semak belukar, lahan belukar rawa, dan jenis tutupan lahan lainnya. Sekitar 144 ribu hektare kehilangan ditemukan berada dalam kelas tutupan lahan hutan resmi Indonesia dan dengan ukuran petak lebih dari dua hektare. Dari 144 ribu hektare kehilangan hutan ini, 15 ribu hektare di antaranya berada dalam area yang secara sah diklasifikasikan sebagai hutan primer di Indonesia.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Kelas KLHK</strong></p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p><strong>Persentase Kehilangan Hutan Primer Tahun 2023 UMD/GFW</strong></p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Hutan primer</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>9%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Hutan sekunder</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>60%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Hutan tanaman</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>1%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
			<td style="width:350px;height:39px;">
			<p>Non hutan</p>
			</td>
			<td style="width:550px;height:39px;">
			<p>30%</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>



<p></p>



<style type="text/css"></style>



<p></p>



<p></p>

Penjelasan Data Kehilangan Tutupan Pohon 2023 dari Global Forest Watch

New data shows persistent primary forest loss in 2023. What does the data measure and how does it compare to other official estimates of deforestation?

Global Forest Watch’s 2023 Tree Cover Loss Data Explained | GFW Blog

Katie Reytar

Jessica Webb

Peter Veit

<p>The Saamaka, an Afro-descendent tribal community, reside deep in the heart of Suriname’s Amazonian rainforest. They’ve maintained their plots of land and small farms for generations, relying on the bounty of fruits, nuts and medicines the surrounding tropical forest provides. &nbsp;</p>



<p>But lately, their forested territory has seen unwelcome visitors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A logging company began bulldozing a road right through the Saamaka’s forest in early 2023. While the Suriname government sanctioned the logging concession, it came without the Saamaka’s consent, despite a 2007 ruling from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights requiring their approval for such projects. The road is just the latest threat facing the Saamaka’s land, on top of flooding from hydropower dams and water pollution from nearby mining operations. &nbsp;</p>



<p>&nbsp;“We are losing our very way of life — our food, our water, our land,” said Hugo Jabini, a community leader and spokesperson for the Saamaka. “We can no longer afford to be invisible.”</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="455" height="342" src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/HugoPPT3.jpg" alt="Saamaka leader Hugo Jabini leads a kuutu, a meeting of Saamakan communities." class="wp-image-16456"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Hugo Jabini leads a kuutu, a meeting of Saamakan communities.&nbsp;</figcaption></figure></div>


<p>The Saamaka’s story is a common one. Indigenous Peoples and local communities hold some of the most pristine and resource-rich lands in the world — areas highly coveted by mining and logging companies and other profiteers.&nbsp; Land grabs and other threats are especially severe in places where the government does not recognize communities’ land rights, or where anti-deforestation and other laws are weak or poorly enforced. It’s the reason many Indigenous Peoples and local communities often take land monitoring into their own hands — and some are now using digital tools to do it.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Freely available satellite imagery and data from sites like&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/">Global Forest Watch</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.landmarkmap.org/data/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LandMark</a>&nbsp;provide near-real-time information that tracks deforestation and land degradation. Indigenous and local communities are increasingly using tools like this to gather evidence that deforestation and degradation are happening on their lands, build their case against illegal activities and take legal action to prevent it from continuing.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Three examples from Suriname, Indonesia and Peru illustrate a growing trend in fighting land rights violations with data.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">In Suriname, Deforestation Data Reveals Threats to the Saamaka’s Land Rights &nbsp;</h2>



<p>In 2007, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights compelled the government of Suriname to recognize the traditional land rights of the Saamaka and other Indigenous and community groups in Suriname. &nbsp;Yet satellite data from Global Forest Watch shows that since the judgment in 2007, tree cover loss actually increased in the Saamaka’s lands, largely from logging and mining activities. Tree cover loss inside government-granted logging concessions in and surrounding the Saamaka territory totaled 44,700 hectares, a 5.5% loss in tree cover from 2001-2022.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<div class="flourish-embed flourish-chart" data-src="visualisation/15824378?240776"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>



<p>Monthly satellite images from March 2023 to October 2023 show the gradual construction of a road being carved through the heart of the Saamaka territory and leading to a government-granted logging concession. The Saamaka say the road was constructed without their knowledge or consent.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="1226" height="531" src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Suriname-logging-road.gif" alt="Gif of road construction progress through the Saamaka’s forested territory. March-October 2023" class="wp-image-16455"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Road construction progresses through the Saamaka’s forested territory. Source: Planet imagery on Global Forest Watch.</figcaption></figure>



<p>Armed with this data and imagery, Jabini and seven other representatives from Suriname’s Indigenous and local communities traveled more than 2,500 miles to Washington, D.C., presenting their evidence to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in November 2023. Jabini hopes the commission will reopen its court case against the Suriname government to strengthen traditional land rights.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We are not here to fight the government; we are just fighting for our rights,” Jabini said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">In Indonesia, Indigenous Peoples Use Satellite Data to Track and Report Illegal Timber &nbsp;</h2>



<p>In the eastern-most edges of Indonesia lies an archipelago of 832 islands containing some of the country’s most pristine remaining rainforests. The Aru Islands are home to more than 60,000 Indigenous Aruese, who speak 14 different tribal languages. Their lives are deeply intertwined with the forests they call home, hunting deer, harvesting tree gum, and maintaining a strong spiritual connection with the forests believed to harbor the souls of their ancestors.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="965" height="651" src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/aru-islands-2.jpg" alt="Indonesia’s Aru Islands" class="wp-image-16458" srcset="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/aru-islands-2.jpg 965w, https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/aru-islands-2-768x518.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 965px) 100vw, 965px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Indonesia’s Aru Islands hold some of the country’s most pristine rainforests and are home to more than 60,000 Indigenous Aruese. Photo by Forest Watch Indonesia.</figcaption></figure>



<p>As forests in more easily accessible areas of Indonesia such as Java and Borneo have been cleared, increasing pressure for valuable timber species and land for growing crops like sugar has reached the shores of the Aru Islands. Aru Indigenous Peoples and&nbsp;<a href="https://fwi.or.id/en/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI),</a>&nbsp;a civil society organization, have been working together to monitor, document and halt illegal logging using satellite data.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Using&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/early-warning-systems-for-deforestation-an-explainer/">deforestation alerts</a>&nbsp;from Global Forest Watch, FWI conducts desk analyses to identify priority locations for forest monitoring. They train Aru Forest Monitors on how to navigate to areas of forest where satellites detected recent clearings, using the&nbsp;<a href="https://forestwatcher.globalforestwatch.org/">Forest Watcher mobile app</a>. They also document evidence of deforestation with the app by taking photos and recording written or audio observations of the causes of the clearing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Forest Monitors then continually track the extraction of timber from these deforestation sites, oftentimes following the wood to local ports, photographing identifiable information of ships containing illegally harvested timber, and transmitting this information to FWI. The organization then synthesizes the information and passes it to Indonesian authorities, who can then intercept the ships when they dock in Java before reaching international waters. In February 2019, the evidence that Indigenous Forest Monitors documented prompted the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry to seize 38 containers of illegally harvested timber. High-profile examples like this can serve as a deterrent for future illegal logging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indigenous Communities in Peru Deploy Technology to Reduce Illegal Deforestation and Strengthen Land Rights</h2>



<p>A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/people/indigenous-forest-monitors-reduce-deforestation/">two-year study</a>&nbsp;in the Northeastern Amazon region of Peru found that communities who used satellite-based forest monitoring technologies and data significantly reduced deforestation on their lands.</p>



<p>Equipped with deforestation alerts accessed from Forest Watcher and Global Forest Watch, forest monitors representing 36 local communities patrolled their ancestral lands. They documented evidence of encroachment from illicit coca plantations and illegal logging, using satellite imagery, photos, written documentation and drone footage. The monitors presented this information in community assemblies to collectively determine what action to take. Depending on the situation, they then either asked the invaders to leave by showing evidence that they had crossed over into community lands, or submitted documentation to Peruvian law enforcement, who then followed up with official field investigations.&nbsp;</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="455" height="607" src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/p_paisa_20150105_113737-scaled-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-16459"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A community monitor in Remanso del Amazonas identifies early warning signs of deforestation. Photo by Beder Olortegui.</figcaption></figure></div>


<p>Ultimately, the communities that used forest monitoring technologies reduced deforestation in their territories by 52% in the first year and an additional 21% in the second year, as compared to a similar number of communities in a control group. The communities using monitoring technologies also reported higher satisfaction with forest governance.</p>



<p>Since the study concluded, communities with experience using monitoring technologies are now training communities in the control group to do the same. The communities who succeeded in reducing deforestation have also received direct payments from the&nbsp;<a href="https://rainforestfoundation.org/our-work/approaches/rainforest-alert/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Rainforest Foundation US’s Rainforest Alert program</a>, a payment system for keeping forests conserved.</p>



<p>Most recently, some communities allocated that funding towards strengthening and expanding legal recognition of their ancestral lands. Community land titling in Peru is a slow and bureaucratic process. With the funds, communities were able to georeference the limits of their lands; contract soil analysts, lawyers and Geographic Information System (GIS) specialists; and petition the government for land titles. They succeeded in obtaining titles to their territories in just 10 months – a process that normally takes years or even decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Open Data Supports Communities, but More Secure Land Rights Are Essential&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Satellite data and imagery are critical tools because they provide transparent, independent evidence of suspected violations. They allow communities to rapidly monitor and document forest disturbances over large areas and long periods of time at low cost, thus reducing expensive field patrols. Moreover, much of the monitoring and documentation can be done remotely from the safety of a laptop, without risking face-to-face confrontation with encroachers. This is especially important because environmental defenders face growing threats. In 2022, at least&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/standing-firm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">177 environmental defenders were killed</a>, 36% of whom were Indigenous.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Given the power of satellite data to help communities protect their land rights, data creators and managers need to ensure that communities continue to have access to open data and technology. Communities also need support in data use, including tailored&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/grants-and-fellowships/about/">training resources</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/grants-and-fellowships/about/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">financial support</a>&nbsp;and facilitating the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/help/map/webinars/webinar-strengthening-the-role-of-indigenous-youth-in-forest-protection-perspectives-from-latin-america/">sharing of experiences</a>.</p>



<p>However, while satellite data helps communities document and take action on illegal deforestation and related infractions, governments ultimately need to recognize and enforce Indigenous Peoples’ and communities’ land rights. Stronger and more secure land rights — with higher penalties for infractions — are more likely to deter illegal activity from occurring in the first place, or at least ensure a swift and decisive end to violations.</p>



<p>Indigenous Peoples and local communities have stewarded their lands and natural resources for centuries. Though more secure land rights are ultimately needed, satellite data can help them manage threats to their lands now and conserve their homes for generations to come.</p>



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Originally appeared on <a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/indigenous-peoples-local-communities-use-satellite-data-deforestation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WRI Insights</a>. 
 

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Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities Are Using Satellite Data to Fight Deforestation

<p>The Saamaka, an Afro-descendent tribal community, reside deep in the heart of Suriname’s Amazonian rainforest. They’ve maintained their plots of land and small farms for generations, relying on the bounty of fruits, nuts and medicines the surrounding tropical forest provides. &nbsp;</p>



<p>But lately, their forested territory has seen unwelcome visitors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A logging company began bulldozing a road right through the Saamaka’s forest in early 2023. While the Suriname government sanctioned the logging concession, it came without the Saamaka’s consent, despite a 2007 ruling from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights requiring their approval for such projects. The road is just the latest threat facing the Saamaka’s land, on top of flooding from hydropower dams and water pollution from nearby mining operations. &nbsp;</p>



<p>&nbsp;“We are losing our very way of life — our food, our water, our land,” said Hugo Jabini, a community leader and spokesperson for the Saamaka. “We can no longer afford to be invisible.”</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/HugoPPT3.jpg" alt="Saamaka leader Hugo Jabini leads a kuutu, a meeting of Saamakan communities." class="wp-image-16456"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Hugo Jabini leads a kuutu, a meeting of Saamakan communities.&nbsp;</figcaption></figure>



<p>The Saamaka’s story is a common one. Indigenous Peoples and local communities hold some of the most pristine and resource-rich lands in the world — areas highly coveted by mining and logging companies and other profiteers.&nbsp; Land grabs and other threats are especially severe in places where the government does not recognize communities’ land rights, or where anti-deforestation and other laws are weak or poorly enforced. It’s the reason many Indigenous Peoples and local communities often take land monitoring into their own hands — and some are now using digital tools to do it.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Freely available satellite imagery and data from sites like&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/">Global Forest Watch</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.landmarkmap.org/data/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LandMark</a>&nbsp;provide near-real-time information that tracks deforestation and land degradation. Indigenous and local communities are increasingly using tools like this to gather evidence that deforestation and degradation are happening on their lands, build their case against illegal activities and take legal action to prevent it from continuing.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Three examples from Suriname, Indonesia and Peru illustrate a growing trend in fighting land rights violations with data.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">In Suriname, Deforestation Data Reveals Threats to the Saamaka’s Land Rights &nbsp;</h2>



<p>In 2007, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights compelled the government of Suriname to recognize the traditional land rights of the Saamaka and other Indigenous and community groups in Suriname. &nbsp;Yet satellite data from Global Forest Watch shows that since the judgment in 2007, tree cover loss actually increased in the Saamaka’s lands, largely from logging and mining activities. Tree cover loss inside government-granted logging concessions in and surrounding the Saamaka territory totaled 44,700 hectares, a 5.5% loss in tree cover from 2001-2022.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<div class="flourish-embed flourish-chart" data-src="visualisation/15824378?240776"><script src="https://public.flourish.studio/resources/embed.js"></script></div>



<p>Monthly satellite images from March 2023 to October 2023 show the gradual construction of a road being carved through the heart of the Saamaka territory and leading to a government-granted logging concession. The Saamaka say the road was constructed without their knowledge or consent.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Suriname-logging-road.gif" alt="Gif of road construction progress through the Saamaka’s forested territory. March-October 2023" class="wp-image-16455"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Road construction progresses through the Saamaka’s forested territory. Source: Planet imagery on Global Forest Watch.</figcaption></figure>



<p>Armed with this data and imagery, Jabini and seven other representatives from Suriname’s Indigenous and local communities traveled more than 2,500 miles to Washington, D.C., presenting their evidence to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in November 2023. Jabini hopes the commission will reopen its court case against the Suriname government to strengthen traditional land rights.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We are not here to fight the government; we are just fighting for our rights,” Jabini said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">In Indonesia, Indigenous Peoples Use Satellite Data to Track and Report Illegal Timber &nbsp;</h2>



<p>In the eastern-most edges of Indonesia lies an archipelago of 832 islands containing some of the country’s most pristine remaining rainforests. The Aru Islands are home to more than 60,000 Indigenous Aruese, who speak 14 different tribal languages. Their lives are deeply intertwined with the forests they call home, hunting deer, harvesting tree gum, and maintaining a strong spiritual connection with the forests believed to harbor the souls of their ancestors.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/aru-islands-2.jpg" alt="Indonesia’s Aru Islands" class="wp-image-16458"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Indonesia’s Aru Islands hold some of the country’s most pristine rainforests and are home to more than 60,000 Indigenous Aruese. Photo by Forest Watch Indonesia.</figcaption></figure>



<p>As forests in more easily accessible areas of Indonesia such as Java and Borneo have been cleared, increasing pressure for valuable timber species and land for growing crops like sugar has reached the shores of the Aru Islands. Aru Indigenous Peoples and&nbsp;<a href="https://fwi.or.id/en/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI),</a>&nbsp;a civil society organization, have been working together to monitor, document and halt illegal logging using satellite data.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>Using&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/data-and-research/early-warning-systems-for-deforestation-an-explainer/">deforestation alerts</a>&nbsp;from Global Forest Watch, FWI conducts desk analyses to identify priority locations for forest monitoring. They train Aru Forest Monitors on how to navigate to areas of forest where satellites detected recent clearings, using the&nbsp;<a href="https://forestwatcher.globalforestwatch.org/">Forest Watcher mobile app</a>. They also document evidence of deforestation with the app by taking photos and recording written or audio observations of the causes of the clearing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Forest Monitors then continually track the extraction of timber from these deforestation sites, oftentimes following the wood to local ports, photographing identifiable information of ships containing illegally harvested timber, and transmitting this information to FWI. The organization then synthesizes the information and passes it to Indonesian authorities, who can then intercept the ships when they dock in Java before reaching international waters. In February 2019, the evidence that Indigenous Forest Monitors documented prompted the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry to seize 38 containers of illegally harvested timber. High-profile examples like this can serve as a deterrent for future illegal logging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indigenous Communities in Peru Deploy Technology to Reduce Illegal Deforestation and Strengthen Land Rights</h2>



<p>A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/people/indigenous-forest-monitors-reduce-deforestation/">two-year study</a>&nbsp;in the Northeastern Amazon region of Peru found that communities who used satellite-based forest monitoring technologies and data significantly reduced deforestation on their lands.</p>



<p>Equipped with deforestation alerts accessed from Forest Watcher and Global Forest Watch, forest monitors representing 36 local communities patrolled their ancestral lands. They documented evidence of encroachment from illicit coca plantations and illegal logging, using satellite imagery, photos, written documentation and drone footage. The monitors presented this information in community assemblies to collectively determine what action to take. Depending on the situation, they then either asked the invaders to leave by showing evidence that they had crossed over into community lands, or submitted documentation to Peruvian law enforcement, who then followed up with official field investigations.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://content.globalforestwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/p_paisa_20150105_113737-scaled-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-16459"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A community monitor in Remanso del Amazonas identifies early warning signs of deforestation. Photo by Beder Olortegui.</figcaption></figure>



<p>Ultimately, the communities that used forest monitoring technologies reduced deforestation in their territories by 52% in the first year and an additional 21% in the second year, as compared to a similar number of communities in a control group. The communities using monitoring technologies also reported higher satisfaction with forest governance.</p>



<p>Since the study concluded, communities with experience using monitoring technologies are now training communities in the control group to do the same. The communities who succeeded in reducing deforestation have also received direct payments from the&nbsp;<a href="https://rainforestfoundation.org/our-work/approaches/rainforest-alert/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Rainforest Foundation US’s Rainforest Alert program</a>, a payment system for keeping forests conserved.</p>



<p>Most recently, some communities allocated that funding towards strengthening and expanding legal recognition of their ancestral lands. Community land titling in Peru is a slow and bureaucratic process. With the funds, communities were able to georeference the limits of their lands; contract soil analysts, lawyers and Geographic Information System (GIS) specialists; and petition the government for land titles. They succeeded in obtaining titles to their territories in just 10 months – a process that normally takes years or even decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Open Data Supports Communities, but More Secure Land Rights Are Essential&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Satellite data and imagery are critical tools because they provide transparent, independent evidence of suspected violations. They allow communities to rapidly monitor and document forest disturbances over large areas and long periods of time at low cost, thus reducing expensive field patrols. Moreover, much of the monitoring and documentation can be done remotely from the safety of a laptop, without risking face-to-face confrontation with encroachers. This is especially important because environmental defenders face growing threats. In 2022, at least&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/standing-firm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">177 environmental defenders were killed</a>, 36% of whom were Indigenous.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Given the power of satellite data to help communities protect their land rights, data creators and managers need to ensure that communities continue to have access to open data and technology. Communities also need support in data use, including tailored&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/grants-and-fellowships/about/">training resources</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/grants-and-fellowships/about/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">financial support</a>&nbsp;and facilitating the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.globalforestwatch.org/help/map/webinars/webinar-strengthening-the-role-of-indigenous-youth-in-forest-protection-perspectives-from-latin-america/">sharing of experiences</a>.</p>



<p>However, while satellite data helps communities document and take action on illegal deforestation and related infractions, governments ultimately need to recognize and enforce Indigenous Peoples’ and communities’ land rights. Stronger and more secure land rights — with higher penalties for infractions — are more likely to deter illegal activity from occurring in the first place, or at least ensure a swift and decisive end to violations.</p>



<p>Indigenous Peoples and local communities have stewarded their lands and natural resources for centuries. Though more secure land rights are ultimately needed, satellite data can help them manage threats to their lands now and conserve their homes for generations to come.</p>



<hr> 

<div class="attribute" style="”padding-bottom:" 10px;”="">
 

Originally appeared on <a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/indigenous-peoples-local-communities-use-satellite-data-deforestation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WRI Insights</a>. 
 

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